Interaction forces between adsorbed polymer layers.

The interaction forces between adsorbed polymer layers were investigated. Two types of graft copolymers that were adsorbed on hydrophobic surfaces have been investigated: (i) a graft copolymer consisting of polymethylmethacrylate/polymethacrylic acid back bone (the B chain) on which several poly(ethylene oxide) chains are grafted (to be referred to as PMMA/PEO(n)); and (ii) a graft copolymer consisting of inulin (linear polyfructose with degree of polymerization >23) (the A chain) on which several C(12) chains are grafted (INUTEC SP1). In the first case adsorbed layers of the graft copolymer were obtained on mica sheets and the interaction forces were measured using the surface force apparatus. In the second case the interaction forces were measured using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). For this purpose a hydrophobically modified glass sphere was attached to the tip of the cantilever of the AFM and the glass plate was also made hydrophobic. Both the sphere and the glass plate contained an adsorbed layer of INUTEC SP1. In the surface forces apparatus one essentially measures the energy E(D)-distance D curves for the graft copolymer of PMMA/PEO(n) between mica surfaces bearing the graft copolymer and this could be converted to interaction energy between flat surfaces. Using the de Gennes scaling theory, it is possible to calculate the interaction energy between the polymer layers. The same graft copolymer was used in latex dispersions and the high frequency modulus G'(∝) was measured as a function of the volume fraction Φ of the dispersion. This high frequency modulus could be related to the potential of mean force. In this way one could compare the results obtained from rheology and those obtained from direct measurement of interaction forces. In the AFM method, the interaction forces are measured in the contact area between two surfaces, i.e. a spherical glass particle and a glass plate. Both glass spheres and plates were hydrophobized using dichlorodimethylsilane. Results were obtained for adsorbed layers of INUTEC SP1 in water and in the presence of various concentrations of Na(2)SO(4) (0.3, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.5 mol dm(-3)). All results showed a rapid increase of force with a decrease of separation distance and the forces were still repulsive up to the highest Na(2)SO(4) concentration. This explains the high stability of dispersions when using INUTEC SP1 as stabilizer.